ABSTRACT
in patients undergoing regular hemodialysis [HD] due to end-stage renal disease [ESRD]
Study Design: Cross-sectional analytical study
Place and Duration of Study: Nephrology Department, Lahore General Hospital, Pakistan, from July to December 2016
Methodology: Fifty patients with end-stage renal disease. Various parameters, including the pulmonary arterial systolic pressure [PASP], were recorded. Pulmonary arterial pressure greater than 25 mmHg at rest was defined as pulmonary hypertension. It was further divided into three sub categories as mild [25-40 mmHg], moderate [40-55 mmHg], and severe [greater than 55 mmHg]. Data were correlated with age, gender, body mass index, systemic hypertension, diabetes, duration of dialysis, and Hb [hemoglobin] concentration. Data was analysed using SPSS version 23.0
Results: The median [IQR] duration of dialysis was 12 [11.25] months. Eighteen [36%] patients were found to have PH.It is greater in patients who had been on dialysis for more than 5 months. A positive association was seen between the duration of dialysis and the prevalence of PH [p=0.024]
Conclusion: A considerable number of patients on hemodialysis have pulmonary hypertension which is associated with the longer duration of maintenance hemodialysis
ABSTRACT
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome [AIDS] is a disease infection mix, which is primarily because of 'deficient' immune system. Human Immune-deficiency Virus [HIV] makes the immune system susceptible to many infections by infiltrating it. Many researchers believe that HIV is a mutated form of Simian Immune-deficiency Virus [SIV]. After being clinically discovered in 1981 in America, it is said to have caused 36 million deaths. Treatment of AIDS has been a 'burning ' issue ever since its discovery. There is no cure for AIDS! Although, Recombinant Transcriptase Inhibitors [RTis] are being considered a major treatment against HIV that can not only lessen the effect of HIV but also can prolong the life of HIV positive patients. More recent advancement includes 'transplantation of transgenic stem cells' in HIV positive patients. As latency of HIV provirus in host genome is the preeminent weapon of this virus against RTis that compel it to hide from host immune system and a persistent pathogen thereof. Thus, epigenetic activation of latent provirus pool by methyl inhibitors along with nontoxic chemical drugs seems to be a more promising treatment to avoid the burden of lifelong RTI
ABSTRACT
Objective: The objectives of this study were to determine the frequency of Plasmodium falciparum and vivax species causing malaria in children presenting to Jinnah Hospital Lahore and compare the clinico-pathological features of malarial cases caused by Falciparum and Vivax
Materials and Methods: This Cross sectional study was done in the department of Pediatrics Jinnah Hospital Lahore from November 2012 to April 2014 .200 children fulfilling the inclusion criteria were included in this study after approval from ethical committee and an informed consent their sample was sent for malaria parasite. Subjects with infection by Falciparum and Vivax was further examined and investigated for presence of hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, thrombocytopenia and leucopenia which was noted
Results: The mean age of patients was 5.99 +/- 3.27 years, and there were 88 [44%] male and 112 [66%] female patients in the study.It was found that majority of patients [136; 68%] were having Vivax species while 64 [32%] were having Falciparum species of malaria.The clinical findings showed among 64 patients with falciparum species, 24 [37.5%] had splenomegaly patients with vivax species, 88 [64.7%] had splenomegaly. There was a significant association between splenomegaly and species of malaria [p-value= 0.000]. Out of 64 patients with falciparum species, 16 [25%] and among 136 patients with vivax species, 72 [52.9%] had hepatomegaly. There was a significant association between hepatomegaly and species of malaria [p-value= 0.000]. Out of 64 patients with falciparum species, 8 [12.5%] had leucopenia and out of 136 patients with vivax species, 32 [23.5%] had leukopenia while 104 [76.5%] did not have leukopenia. There was no significant association between leukopenia and species of malaria as indicated by p-value = 0.069. Out of 64 patients with falciparum species, 56 [87.5%] had thrombocytopenia while in patients with vivax species, 112 [82.4%] had thrombocytopenia. There was no significant association between thrombocytopenia and species of malaria as indicated by p-value = 0.352.When we stratified our data and we found that for falciparum species the clinico-pathological findings were same in relation to gender and age groups, p-value > 0.05, while for vivax species the falciparum species were statistically different in both gender and age groups, p-value < 0.005
Conclusion: According to this study Vivax species was most prevalent causing malaria in children. Splenomegaly, hepatomegaly were statistically higher inVivax species as compare to Falciparum species but Leukopenia and Leukopenia were statistically same in both groups
ABSTRACT
To investigate the antitumor activity, brine shrimp lethality assay, antibacterial and antifungal activity of Methanol Extract [ME], Water Extract [WE], Acetone Extract [AE], Chloroform Extract [CE], Methanol-Water Extract [MWE], Methanol-Acetone Extract [MAE], Methanol-Chloroform Extract [MCE] of Ranunculus arvensis [L.]. Antitumor activity was evaluated with Agrobacterium tumefaciens [At10] induced potato disc assay. Cytotoxicity was evaluated with brine shrimp lethality assay. Antibacterial activity was evaluated with six bacterial strains including Escherichia coli, Enterobacter aerogenes, Bordetella bronchiseptica, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Micrococcus luteus and Streptococcus anginosus and antifungal screening was done against five fungal strains including Aspergillus niger, A. flavus, A. fumigates, Fusarium solani and Mucor species by using disc diffusion method. Best antitumor activity was obtained with ME and WE, having highest IC50 values 20.27+/-1.62 and 93.01+/-1.33µg/disc. Brine shrimp lethality assay showed LC50 values of AE, MAE and ME were obtained as 384.66+/-9.42µg/ml, 724.11+/-8.01µg/ml and 978.7+/-8.01µg/ml respectively. WE of R. arvensis revealed weak antimicrobial result against the tested microorganisms. On the other h and, the antifungal activity of the plant extracts was found to be insignificant. These findings demonstrate that extracts of R. arvensis possesses significant antitumor activity. Further extensive study is necessary to assess the therapeutic potential of the plant.
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Objective: to describe demographic characteristics and types of medico-legal cases presenting in trauma center of district headquarter teaching hospital, Gujranwala
Material and Methods: in this descriptive study, two hundred and thirteen [213] medico-legal cases were studied. These cases visited trauma center of district headquarter teaching hospital, Gujranwala during the year 2012. Medicolegal records were reviewed retrospectively. Demographic profile included age and sex distribution which was described according to the type of injury. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 18
Results: out of 213 cases studied, 182 [85.45%] were males and 31 [14.55%] were females. Majority of patients were between 11-30 years of age [62.91%]. Injury was inflicted by blunt weapons in 92[43.19%] of the cases, whereas firearms and sharp edged weapons were responsible for 26. 76% and 10.80% of the injuries respectively. On the other hand, total of 38 [17.84%] experienced road traffic accidents and only 1.41 % cases suffered burns
Conclusion: blunt weapon injury is the most frequently reported medico-legal offense in district headquarter teaching hospital Gujranwala followed by firearm injury. Males are involved in most of these incidences
ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 0.6 % Ofloxacin eardrops with 0.3% Gentamicin eardrops in the management of active tubotympanic chronic otitis media
STUDY DESIGN: Quasi experimental study
PLACE AND DURATION OF STUDY: ENT department,CMH Rawalpindi, from 1 June 2007 to 30 May 2008
PATIENTS AND METHODS: Total 100 consenting patients with the diagnosis of active tubotympanic chronic otitis media filling the inclusion criteria were included in the study. Six patients lost to followup, five were resistant to Gentamicin and three to Ofloxacin were excluded. Patients were randomly allotted to either the Group-I that was treated by Ofloxacin eardrops [n = 50] or to Group-II, treated by Gentamicin eardrops [n= 50]. Outcomes were measured by disappearance of discharge and congestion from middle ear and external auditory canal at weekly follow-up examinations for 3 weeks
RESULTS: Ototopical ofloxacin was found more effective in providing relief from congestion and discharge as compared to gentamicin, in active tubotympanic chronic otitis media
CONCLUSION: Topical Ofloxacin is a better drug for the treatment of active tubotympanic type of chronic otitis media as compared to topical Gentamicin
ABSTRACT
Objective: To evaluate the patterns of ocular trauma, its causes and prognostic value of presenting visual acuity in final outcome of ocular injuries
Study Design: Retrospective
Place and Duration of Study: Rawalpindi General Hospital from April 2007 to April 2008
Patient and Methods: Medical records of all ocular trauma cases among 600 patients admitted during study period in Eye Ward were analysed. The details of patients regarding age, gender, causes and record of visual acuity at admission and discharge from hospital were entered into specially-designed performa
Results: Among 93 [15.5%] eyes that suffered globe trauma 73 [78.49%] were of males and 72 [77.42%] were presented in patients up to 30-years of age. The common causes of ocular trauma were occupational 35 [37.63%], play and sport injuries 24 [25.81%] and road traffic accident 19 [20.43%]. At the time of admission visual acuity of 42 [45.2%] eyes was near blindness, whereas at the time of discharge 69 [74.2%] had visual acuity < 1/60
Conclusion: Ocular trauma is a major health problem. Young male under age of 30 years were main victims. Majority of ocular trauma was due to occupational and sports injuries
ABSTRACT
Background: Tobacco smoking is increasing day by day. One of every three persons who start smoking falls ill and dies prematurely. The UN Health Agency says 4.9 million deaths attributable to smoking in a year now, are likely to exceed 10 millions in a year in next 20 years. At the present billions of dollars are being spent to support antismoking campaign all over the world. The efforts are being focused on different aspects like: creation of public awareness about hazards of smoking, introduction about the measures regarding prevention, importance of putting ban on advertisement and promotion of smoking, restriction on smokers activities, protection of non smokers from second-hand smoke, provision of free consultations and required supplements to those who wants to quit smoking and many more. The reported success rates of antismoking campaigns vary from country to country. The highest reported by the State of California Department of Health and National Cancer Institute; which includes, 20% lowering of adults smoking prevalence, 50% lowering of per Capita cigarette consumption. The California's TCP [Tobacco control programe] has saved an estimated 3.62 dollars for every dollar spent on program, is an other encouraging aspect
Materials and Methods: This is a review article, literature survey was carried out from various available sources
Conclusion: In Pakistan, Federal Government had already enforced an Ordinance regarding the prohibition of Smoking and protection of Non-smokers Health since 30 June 2003. Moreover, through a notification "No Smoke and No Tobacco Use Places" had been identified very clearly. At the moment we need to implement it with full force and vigor